13. Quality Control and Safety During Construction
13.在施工过程中的质量控制和安全
13.1 Quality and Safety Concerns in Construction
13.1在施工过程中的质量和安全问题
Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required andfacility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.
质量控制和安全越来越受到项目经理的关注。建造设施的缺陷或故障可能会带来非常大的成本。即使是轻微的缺陷也可能会引起重新施工和使设施运行受损。成本增加和延期就是其结果。在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害或死亡。在施工过程中的事故，同样可以导致人身伤害和大的成本支出。由于这些直接成本的增加会带来保险、检验和监管这些间接成本的迅速增加。优秀的项目经理尽力保证在初次施工时工程完成良好，且确保工程施工期间未出现重大事故。
As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions.
至于成本控制，在设计和规划阶段，而不是在施工期间就完成了关于设施质量的最重要的决定。这些组件配置、材料规格和功能性能就是在初始阶段确定的。施工过程中的质量控制主要是由保证这些原始设计的一致性和规划决策组成的。
While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations discussed in Chapter 3.
虽然符合现有的设计决策是质量控制的主要焦点，这一规则也有例外情况。首先，在建设过程中不可预见的情况下，业主所期望的关于设施功能的不正确的设计决策或变化，可能需要对设计决策进行重新评估。虽然这些变化可能是出于对质量的关注，它们却代表着对于所有伴随目标和约束的重新设计。其次，一些设计依靠在施工过程中本身获知的和适当的决策。例如：在一些掘进方法中，不同位置需要的支柱的数量是根据掘进过程中对土壤条件的观察确定的。由于这样的决定是基于对现场的实际情况获得更准确的信息，结果设施设计可能会更符合成本效益。在施工期间需要重新设计的任何特殊情况需考虑的各种因素将在第3章中进行进一步讨论。
With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance. Much of the discussion in this chapter relates to the development and the implications of different quality requirements for construction as well as the issues associated with insuring conformance.
随着对施工过程中质量的一致性的关注，在设计和合同文件的质量要求的规范就显得极为重要。质量要求应该是明确、可核实的，以便项目各方可以理解一致性的要求。本章主要讨论了不同的质量要求对于施工的促进和影响，以及与保证一致性相关的问题。
Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.
施工项目的安全在很大程度上也受到了在规划和设计过程中所作决定的影响。一些设计或施工计划的落实在本质上是困难和危险的，而其他类似的计划可能会大大降低事故发生的可能性。例如，明确划分施工区巷道修复期间的交通，可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。除了这些设计决策，安全在很大程度上取决于在施工过程中的教育、警惕性和合作。工人应该时刻保持警惕，避免事故和采取不必要的风险。